[
  {
    "id": 1,
    "authors": "Ofcom",
    "title": "Online Nation 2025",
    "year": 2025,
    "venue": "UK communications regulator; Figures 22, 24 and 77",
    "url": "https://www.ofcom.org.uk/siteassets/resources/documents/research-and-data/online-research/online-nation/2025/online-nations-report-2025.pdf?v=409837",
    "type": "Measurement",
    "scope": "UK app and website use; whole platforms, not Reels or Shorts separately."
  },
  {
    "id": 2,
    "authors": "Qustodio",
    "title": "Lost in the Scroll: Annual Data Report 2025",
    "year": 2026,
    "venue": "Original family device telemetry; social media section, p. 43",
    "url": "https://static.qustodio.com/public-site/uploads/2026/01/15090129/ADR_2025_EN-2.pdf",
    "type": "Measurement",
    "scope": "Children aged 4–18 in monitored families; commercially collected, nonrepresentative sample."
  },
  {
    "id": 3,
    "authors": "Nguyen et al.",
    "title": "Feeds, feelings, and focus: A systematic review and meta-analysis examining the cognitive and mental health correlates of short-form video use",
    "year": 2025,
    "venue": "Psychological Bulletin 151:1125–1146; doi:10.1037/bul0000498",
    "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41231585/",
    "type": "Research",
    "scope": "71 studies; 98,299 participants; pooled associations across short-form video platforms."
  },
  {
    "id": 4,
    "authors": "Tang et al.",
    "title": "Association Between Short-Form Video Use and Mental Health: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis",
    "year": 2026,
    "venue": "Journal of Medical Internet Research 28:e82503; doi:10.2196/82503",
    "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12998613/",
    "type": "Research",
    "scope": "58 included studies; 53 pooled; 96,676 participants overall. Baseline correlations, not treatment effects."
  },
  {
    "id": 5,
    "authors": "Arouch et al.",
    "title": "Short-form video, cognitive and mental health outcomes: a systematic review",
    "year": 2026,
    "venue": "BMJ Public Health 4:e004086; doi:10.1136/bmjph-2025-004086",
    "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13599929/",
    "type": "Research",
    "scope": "17 studies focused on ages 18–29; searched publications through November 2024; narrative synthesis."
  },
  {
    "id": 6,
    "authors": "Chiossi et al.",
    "title": "Short-Form Videos Degrade Our Capacity to Retain Intentions: Effect of Context Switching On Prospective Memory",
    "year": 2023,
    "venue": "CHI 2023; author manuscript, arXiv:2302.03714",
    "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2302.03714",
    "type": "Research",
    "scope": "Between-group experiment, N=60; short-term prospective memory task, including TikTok."
  },
  {
    "id": 7,
    "authors": "Castelo et al.",
    "title": "Blocking mobile internet on smartphones improves sustained attention, mental health, and subjective well-being",
    "year": 2025,
    "venue": "PNAS Nexus 4:pgaf017; doi:10.1093/pnasnexus/pgaf017",
    "url": "https://academic.oup.com/pnasnexus/article/4/2/pgaf017/8016017",
    "type": "Research",
    "scope": "Randomized two-week mobile internet block; 467 committed participants; broad intervention."
  },
  {
    "id": 8,
    "authors": "Allcott, Braghieri, Eichmeyer & Gentzkow",
    "title": "The Welfare Effects of Social Media",
    "year": 2020,
    "venue": "American Economic Review 110:629–676; doi:10.1257/aer.20190658",
    "url": "https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/aer.20190658",
    "type": "Research",
    "scope": "Randomized Facebook deactivation for four weeks; adult volunteers before the 2018 US midterms."
  },
  {
    "id": 9,
    "authors": "Braghieri, Levy & Makarin",
    "title": "Social Media and Mental Health",
    "year": 2022,
    "venue": "American Economic Review 112:3660–3693; doi:10.1257/aer.20211218",
    "url": "https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/aer.20211218",
    "type": "Research",
    "scope": "Staggered Facebook introduction at US colleges; quasi-experimental, early social media."
  },
  {
    "id": 10,
    "authors": "Allcott, Gentzkow & Song",
    "title": "Digital Addiction",
    "year": 2022,
    "venue": "American Economic Review 112:2424–2463; doi:10.1257/aer.20210867",
    "url": "https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/aer.20210867",
    "type": "Research",
    "scope": "Randomized incentives and limits plus a structural economic model; social media generally."
  },
  {
    "id": 11,
    "authors": "Tam & Inzlicht",
    "title": "Fast-forward to boredom: How switching behavior on digital media makes people more bored",
    "year": 2024,
    "venue": "Journal of Experimental Psychology: General; publisher research summary; doi:10.1037/xge0001639",
    "url": "https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2024/08/online-videos-boredom",
    "type": "Research",
    "scope": "Seven experiments; short-term video switching and boredom, not clinical impairment."
  },
  {
    "id": 12,
    "authors": "Maza et al.",
    "title": "Association of Habitual Checking Behaviors on Social Media With Longitudinal Functional Brain Development",
    "year": 2023,
    "venue": "JAMA Pediatrics 177:160–167; doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2022.4924",
    "url": "https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapediatrics/fullarticle/2799812",
    "type": "Research",
    "scope": "Adolescent longitudinal neuroimaging; observational social media checking."
  },
  {
    "id": 13,
    "authors": "Orben et al.",
    "title": "Windows of developmental sensitivity to social media",
    "year": 2022,
    "venue": "Nature Communications 13:1649; doi:10.1038/s41467-022-29296-3",
    "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-022-29296-3",
    "type": "Research",
    "scope": "UK observational datasets; age-dependent associations and bidirectionality."
  },
  {
    "id": 14,
    "authors": "Orben & Przybylski",
    "title": "The association between adolescent well-being and digital technology use",
    "year": 2019,
    "venue": "Nature Human Behaviour 3:173–182; doi:10.1038/s41562-018-0506-1",
    "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-018-0506-1",
    "type": "Research",
    "scope": "Specification curve analysis; broad digital technology use, largely before Reels and Shorts."
  },
  {
    "id": 15,
    "authors": "Carter et al.",
    "title": "Association Between Portable Screen-Based Media Device Access or Use and Sleep Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis",
    "year": 2016,
    "venue": "JAMA Pediatrics 170:1202–1208; doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2016.2341",
    "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27802500/",
    "type": "Research",
    "scope": "Bedtime portable devices and sleep in children; not specific to short-form video."
  },
  {
    "id": 16,
    "authors": "Yin et al.",
    "title": "Relationship of Sleep Duration With All-Cause Mortality and Cardiovascular Events: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies",
    "year": 2017,
    "venue": "Journal of the American Heart Association 6:e005947; doi:10.1161/JAHA.117.005947",
    "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28889101/",
    "type": "Research",
    "scope": "Adult prospective sleep cohorts; observational mortality associations, not a scrolling risk estimate."
  },
  {
    "id": 17,
    "authors": "Faverio, Park & Gottfried / Pew Research Center",
    "title": "Teens’ Experiences on TikTok, Instagram and Snapchat",
    "year": 2026,
    "venue": "US survey of 1,458 teenagers aged 13–17 and their parents; fieldwork September–October 2025",
    "url": "https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2026/04/15/teens-experiences-on-tiktok-instagram-and-snapchat/",
    "type": "Measurement",
    "scope": "Self-reported experiences, reasons for use, benefits and harms; not a clinical causal study."
  },
  {
    "id": 18,
    "authors": "TikTok",
    "title": "How TikTok recommends content",
    "year": 2026,
    "venue": "TikTok Help Center; accessed 9 November 2026",
    "url": "https://support.tiktok.com/en/using-tiktok/exploring-videos/how-tiktok-recommends-content",
    "type": "Platform",
    "scope": "Platform description of recommendation signals; not independent validation of welfare effects."
  },
  {
    "id": 19,
    "authors": "Meta",
    "title": "How AI Influences What You See on Facebook and Instagram",
    "year": 2023,
    "venue": "Meta Newsroom; system cards and user controls",
    "url": "https://about.fb.com/news/2023/06/how-ai-ranks-content-on-facebook-and-instagram/",
    "type": "Platform",
    "scope": "Platform explanation of personalized ranking; not independent health evidence."
  },
  {
    "id": 20,
    "authors": "World Health Organization",
    "title": "Tobacco and nicotine",
    "year": 2026,
    "venue": "Fact sheet, 26 June 2026",
    "url": "https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tobacco",
    "type": "Public health",
    "scope": "More than 7 million annual global deaths; includes second-hand smoke. Annual burden, not a 2026 death count."
  },
  {
    "id": 21,
    "authors": "World Health Organization",
    "title": "Alcohol",
    "year": 2024,
    "venue": "Fact sheet, 28 June 2024; 2019 burden",
    "url": "https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/alcohol",
    "type": "Public health",
    "scope": "2.6 million global alcohol-attributable deaths in 2019."
  },
  {
    "id": 22,
    "authors": "World Health Organization",
    "title": "Global call to action on lead poisoning prevention",
    "year": 2024,
    "venue": "WHO statement, 18 October 2024",
    "url": "https://www.who.int/news/item/18-10-2024-global-call-to-action-on-lead-poisoning-prevention",
    "type": "Public health",
    "scope": "Approximately 1.5 million annual deaths associated with all lead exposure; not all attributable to petrol."
  },
  {
    "id": 23,
    "authors": "World Health Organization",
    "title": "Gambling",
    "year": 2024,
    "venue": "Fact sheet, 2 December 2024",
    "url": "https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/gambling",
    "type": "Public health",
    "scope": "Health, financial and family harms; limited standardized global harm estimation."
  },
  {
    "id": 24,
    "authors": "UN Environment Programme",
    "title": "Era of leaded petrol over, eliminating a major threat to human and planetary health",
    "year": 2021,
    "venue": "UNEP, 30 August 2021",
    "url": "https://www.unep.org/en/news-and-stories/press-release/era-leaded-petrol-over-eliminating-major-threat-human-and-planetary",
    "type": "Public health",
    "scope": "Phaseout benefit estimated at more than 1.2 million avoided premature deaths annually; a different counterfactual."
  },
  {
    "id": 25,
    "authors": "World Health Organization",
    "title": "Physical activity",
    "year": 2026,
    "venue": "Fact sheet, 4 November 2026",
    "url": "https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/physical-activity",
    "type": "Public health",
    "scope": "Physical inactivity and health; establishes neither the amount displaced by scrolling nor a platform-specific risk."
  },
  {
    "id": 26,
    "authors": "International Committee of the Red Cross & Japanese Red Cross Society",
    "title": "80 years after the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki: A call to eliminate nuclear weapons",
    "year": 2025,
    "venue": "Joint statement, 5 August 2025",
    "url": "https://www.icrc.org/en/statement/80-years-atomic-bomb-hiroshima-nagasaki-call-eliminate-nuclear-weapons",
    "type": "Public health",
    "scope": "Immediate and enduring humanitarian consequences of nuclear weapons; no comparison with digital-media harm."
  }
]